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Leviticus
Interpretive Questions
Interpretation,
Significance, Application
Questions raised on the
reading of sections of G. Wenham’s
Leviticus (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1979).
Developed by Ted Hildebrandt
11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27
Introduction
1. What is the Hebrew title for the book of
Leviticus? How does that differ
from
the Septuagint and Vulgate? Where did
our English title come
from?
Which title is best suited for the book? (Wenham, 3)
2. In what way is the title “Leviticus”
misleading? Which chapters are
directed
to the priests alone and which are addressed to all
(Wenham,
3)
3.
Compare and contrast the festival descriptions in Lev. 23 with Num. 28-
29;
and Deuteronomy 16. (Wenham, 3)
4. How are the rituals of chs. 1-7 presupposed
in chs. 8-10? (Wenham, 5)
5. How does Exod. 19:6 relate to the book of
Leviticus? (Wenham, 5)
6. What narrative structure or framework setting
occurs at the beginning of
many
chapters of Leviticus? (Wenham, 5) How
is that related
to
the Hebrew title of the book?
7. While Exod. 20:7 gives the commandment that
blasphemy is wrong, how
does Leviticus 24 supplement that? (Wenham, 6)
8. How does Leviticus relate to the 15 chapters
of Exodus? (Wenham, 6)
9. Which sections of Leviticus are given in a
law genre and which give a
historical narrative? (Wenham, 6) How are the two connected?
10. How do critical scholars see the development
of the book of Leviticus?
What sections were the original “P” (priestly) core and
what other
sections do they think were added later? (Wenham, 7) What section
is labeled the “Holiness Code.”? Is it plausible to suggest sources
behind the text of the current book of Leviticus? On what bases
are such sources suggested?
How does one separate the work of
alleged later redactors from the original alleged sources?
11. What literary links and repeated phrases bond
the book of Leviticus
together
as a unit? (Wenham, 7)
12. How is the oral character of the book of
Leviticus developed in the text?
How is the literary or written aspect found in the text?
(Wenham, 8)
13. What four arguments are used to support the
“traditional view” that
God gave/spoke these laws to Moses in the wilderness of
Sinai?
(Wenham, 8f)
14. Is there archaeological evidence to support
the early development of
ritual and sacrifice in other Ancient Near Eastern (ANE)
cultures at
or
before the time of Moses? (Wenham, 9)
15. What aspects of Leviticus are not
characteristic of the later post-exilic
times of Ezra and Nehemiah?
(Wenham, 9) What were the major
issues faced in Ezra’s day that are not really highlighted
in Leviticus
(and vice versa)?
16. What is the relationship between Leviticus
and Ezekiel? (Wenham, 9)
What does that suggest about the date of the book?
17. When do critical scholars suggest that “P”
(priestly document) was
constructed? Where
do they find evidence of “P” beyond Leviticus
in
the Pentateuch? (Wenham, 9)
18. Does Wellhausen’s analysis that
simple,
free and spontaneous and gradually evolved into more law,
custom
and ritualistic ways of being fit with the archaeological
record?
(Wenham, 10) Is such religious
evolutionary development
so
monolithically linear? Do religious
conceptions always develop
from
the simple to the complex in a straightforward manner?
19. What are the various aspects of ritual which
can be traced in their
historical development (priesthood, sacrifices, sanctuaries,
feasts,
etc.)?
(Wenham, 10f)
20. Did the patriarchs have priests? How did they offer sacrifices?
When does the notion of a “high priest” enter? (Wenham, 11)
21. What kind of things did the priests get from
the people they
served? (Wenham, 11)
22. In what ways is the cult described in
Chronicles more like Leviticus
than the cult described in the book of Kings? Why is there
such a difference? (Wenham, 11)
23. Did
religion of Judges and Samuel into rigid legalistic rituals
of
the postexilic period under Ezra? (Wenham, 11)
24. Is Kaufmann right when he says the cult in
“Fixity in times and rites and absence of ‘natural
spontaneity’
characterize
the festivals of ancient
early
civilizations... These elements are no indication of lateness.”
How
would one support or dispute this claim? (Wenham, 11)
25. Do societies become more religious or more
secular over time?
How would this impact the dating of Leviticus? (Wenham, 12)
26. Does the reference in Leviticus to the Urim
and Thummim fit better
a pre-exilic or post-exilic model? (Wenham, 12)
27. Does the legal terminology used in Leviticus
fit pre- or post-
exilic legal language? (Wenham, 12)
28. Do animal tithes fit a pre- or post-exilic
setting better? (Wenham, 12)
29. Where is Leviticus quoted in Deuteronomy and
Joshua? What
does that suggest about the dating of Leviticus? (Wenham,
12)
30. Does the mention of a multiplicity of
sanctuaries (Lev. 26:31) support a
pre-or
post-exilic date? Does this support a
pre-monarchy date?
(Wenham, 12)
31. What does Lev. 17:2ff that all animals must
be slaughtered in the
sanctuary imply in terms of when the book was written?
(Wenham, 12)
32. When does Ezekiel quote material from
Leviticus? (Wenham, 13)
33. What do the following stand for and what role
do they play in
evaluating
the original Hebrew text of Leviticus:
MT, SP, LXX, Peshitta, Targums, Vulgate? (Wenham, 13)
34. What manuscripts of Leviticus were found at
What is the importance of these manuscripts? (Wenham, 14)
35. What manuscript tradition is the best and
why? (Wenham, 14)
36. In Leviticus 1:6 the MT has a singular
suggesting the worshipper
is the one chopping up the animal while the SP and LXX
have a plural implying the priests did it. Which reading is
to be accepted and why? (Wenham, 15)
37. What geographical locations did the MT, SP
and LXX derive
from? (Wenham, 15)
38. What does it mean that the texts of the SP
and LXX may derive
from a text tradition that was modernized in the 5th
century
BC? (Wenham,
15) How does that affect things?
39. What is the significance of the laws of
Leviticus being set in
a setting of narrative? (Wenham, 15)
40. How can one move from narrative to
theological statements?
(Wenham, 15) How
does one move from historical statements
to the character of God?
When one pulls out a characteristic
of God from a historical narrative is that taking it out of
context? (Wenham, 16)
41. Does God respond to the movements of
history? If so does
He change? Can God
change? Does His own actions change
Him? Does God
Himself have a history?
42. How is the idea of the presence of God
presented in the book
of Leviticus? How
does that link it back to the book of
Exodus? (Wenham, 16)
43. It is said that Leviticus presents the whole
of a person’s life
lived out in God’s presence. Is this correct? How would you
prove or disprove this?
What areas of life are treated/touched in the
book
of Leviticus? (Wenham, 17)
44. What distinction does Leviticus provide
between God’s general
presence in all of life and His special presence in certain
specific
locations? What is the relationship of God to different
types of
space? (Wenham, 17)
45. According to Lev. 26, how is God’s presence
conceived? How is
God’s presence conceived in the New Testament? Immanuel
(Wenham, 18)
46. What is the major theme or motto of the book
of Leviticus?
(Wenham, 18)
47. What does the term “holy” mean in the context
of Leviticus?
(Wenham, 18)
48. How does holiness relate to the ideas of the
clean/unclean,
sanctified/profaned and common/polluted? (Wenham, 18f)
49. Where does “common” sit in relation to that
which is holy and
that which is unclean? (Wenham, 19)
50. What moves that which is common up to the
state of holiness?
(Wenham, 19)
51. How does one move from being unclean to being
clean?
(Wenham, 19)
52. How does one move from being clean to being
unclean?
(Wenham, 19)
53. How is uncleanness transmitted? (Wenham, 20)
54. How are the concepts of cleanness and purity
similar? How
does cleanness go beyond the sense of purity? (Wenham, 20)
55. How is cleanness related to normality? How does normality
play itself out in terms of what animals are considered to
be
clean or unclean? (Wenham, 20)
56. How does uncleanness function? What kinds of things are
unclean intrinsically in themselves? How do certain things become
unclean?
What kinds of things cause temporary uncleanness?
How
do these relate to the concept of what is “normal”?
(Wenham,
20)
57. Is permanent uncleanness contagious? (Wenham,
21)
What does temporary uncleanness require so that the state
of cleanness may be reentered?
58. When an unclean person is put out of the
camp, what kinds of
reasons are given to support that hygienic or theological?
(Wenham, 21)
59. How is holiness associated with God in the
book of Leviticus?
(Wenham, 22) How
does God manifest His holiness?
What kinds of things around God are also considered holy?
60. How is holiness acquired? How does man sanctify (make holy)
something? How does God sanctify something/someone?
(Wenham, 22)
61. Wenham says that the “main emphasis of the
book is on the human
contribution
to sanctification, what man has to do to make something
holy. Give some examples to support this
conclusion. (Wenham, 23)
62. How is holiness related to obeying the law
and carrying out rituals?
(Wenham, 23)
63. How would you support Mary Douglas’ idea that
to be holy
means more than separation to divine service but has the
ideas of wholeness and completeness? (Wenham, 23)
How
must something “holy” conform to what is normal for its
class?
64. How is perversion associated with the concept
of mixing or
confusion in Leviticus? (Wenham, 24)
65. What are some examples of when Leviticus
condemns things
that are not what they seem to be, dissembling and
confusion?
(Wenham, 24)
66. How is the concept of holiness developed
elsewhere in Scripture
(
67. How is Hebrews 9:22 illustrated in the book
of Leviticus?
(Wenham, 25)
68. How did sacrifices restore relationships
between God and people and
between people and other people? (Wenham, 25f) How did
sacrifices return things to a normal state from a disturbed
order?
69. What role does blood play in the transition from
states of uncleanness
to cleanness or holiness? What role does oil play? (Wenham,
26)
70. What happens when the unclean comes into
contact with the
holy? (Wenham, 26)
71. How is holiness and uncleanness associated
with spatial
distance from God and the community? (Wenham, 27)
72. What does the word kipper mean? What role does it play in the Day
of Atonement? How is atonement made in
73. How do the three parties (God, priest,
worshipper) interact in the
sacrificial
system? (Wenham, 28)
74. How is Christ’s death associated with the
notion of sacrifice in the
New Testament (cf. 1 Jn 2:1-2; Heb. 9:26 et al.)? (Wenham,
28)
75. How is the covenant of Sinai represented in
the book of Leviticus?
(Wenham, 29) In
which chapter is it explicitly mentioned?
What
is the significance of that?
76. How does the covenant idea and form relate to
the codification of law
and ritual? (Wenham, 29)
77. Wenham identifies six parts to the Ancient
Near Eastern covenant.
What are they and what is the function of each? Where can each
of these parts be seen in the canon? Which of these parts
are
found
in Leviticus? (Wenham, 30)
78. What formula does a treaty’s suzerain use
that can be found both
in Leviticus and Exodus according to Wenham? (Wenham, 30)
79. What does Wenham see as the “basic”
stipulation in the book
of Leviticus?
(Wenham, 30)
80. What role does the mention of the exodus from
in the book of Leviticus?
How is it referred to and what
is it used for? (Wenham, 31)
81. How is Leviticus 26 similar and dissimilar to
Deuteronomy 28?
(Wenham. 31) What
was the purpose of Leviticus 26?
82. What is divine blessing dependent on?
(Wenham, 32)
83. Where was the new covenant to be written?
(Wenham, 32)
84. How do Christians generally divide the Old
Testament law?
Are these three categories mutually exclusive? Can you
always pigeon hole a law into only one of these three?
Can one always separate between the moral and ceremonial
law?
85. What broad agreements are found in the law of
the Old Testament
and the core of the New? (Wenham, 33) Is the basis of the
ethical code in the Old the same as in the New? Are the
laws
the same?
86. Is the covenant a major theme in the New
Testament?
Are whole sections structured on the basis of a covenant
format
as is found in the Old Testament? (Wenham, 33)
87. Wenham says that the law is a response to
God’s grace.
How would you prove and develop that idea? (Wenham, 34)
88. Are the notions of blessings and curses found
in the New
Testament? Are they
based on obedience to the stipulations
of the covenant? (Wenham, 34)
89. Christ’s death in the New Testament is
compared to what
act of redemption in the Old? (Wenham, 34)
90. What are examples of the civil law found in
Leviticus?
(Wenham, 34)
91. How does Wenham move the laws of Leviticus
towards
having a role in the church? (Wenham, 35)
How does one
move from a particular law to the underlying universal
principle? What
example does Wenham use to illustrate
this method of applying the law?
92. Which laws in Leviticus are written with
judges in mind?
(Wenham, 35)
93. Wenham states that Leviticus treats property
violations more
leniently than the other Ancient Near Eastern societies
while
offenses against life are treated more severely. How would
you substantiate that?
What are some examples from
Leviticus that could be used in working out the details of
substantiating this point? (Wenham, 36)
94. What New Testament book develops the themes
of sacrificial
rituals and their application to the New Testament
believer?
(Wenham, 36) What
are a couple examples from this NT
book that would illustrate this?
95. How does the sacrifice of Christ relate to
the sacrifices of
animals? (Wenham, 37)
Leviticus 1 Back to Top
96. What are the three most common types of
sacrifice (Lev. 1-3)?
(Wenham,
47)
97. What phrase bonds the first three sacrifices
together (Lev. 1-3)?
(Wenham,
47)
98. Within each of the first three sacrifices,
what order is followed
(Lev. 1-3)? (Wenham, 47)
99. Why were the sacrifices in chapters 1-3
ordered the way they were
according
to A. Rainey? (Wenham, 47)
100. What is the literary structure of Leviticus
1? What three sections
follow the heading in 1:2?
How is it organized? (Wenham, 49)
101. In the burnt offering, what role or what
activities does the
worshipper do and what activities does the priest do?
(Wenham, 49)
102. In Lev. 1:2 it says “God called to Moses.” How is that different
than the normal way God addresses humans? (Wenham, 49)
103. To what does the “tent of meeting” (Lev. 1:2)
link back to?
(Wenham, 49)
104. Can one prove/disprove Wenhem’s hypothesis
that the sacrifices
are
placed first to explain the ceremonies at Aaron’s ordination
(Lev.
1)? (Wenham, 49f)
105. Does the book of Leviticus come as a “book of
laws” or is it God’s
speech to Moses who then declares it to the people as God’s
mediator? What difference is there between these two?
(Wenham, 50)
106.
The sacrifices in Num. 28-29 are national public sacrifices. What
are the sacrifices of Lev. 1-3? (Wenham, 50)
107. What other occasions besides sin were
sacrifices offered (Lev. 1)?
(Wenham, 51)
108. The animals for sacrifice listed in Lev. 1
were all _______ animals.
(Wenham, 51). Why
were wild animals not allowed to be offered
according to Wenham (cf. 2 Sam 24:24)?
109. Where does it mention
that only animals without blemishes were to
be offered (Lev. 1-5)?
What is the significance of that? (Wenham, 51)
When did the prophets condemn the Israelites for offering
imperfect
animals (Mal. 1)?
110. The burnt offerings are mentioned first it is
suggested because they
were most frequent.
When were they offered? (Wenham, 52)
111. Wenham/Rainey suggests that the whole burnt,
cereal/grain and
peace offerings were given first because they were all
referred to
as ________ offerings.
When does the phrase “a soothing aroma
for the Lord” come up in Lev. 1-3 and what is its
significance?
(Wenham, 52)
112. What types of animals
could be used for the whole burnt offering
(Lev. 1)? (Wenham,
52)
113. What was the only part of the animal that was
not burnt in the
whole burnt offering (Lev. 1; cf. 7:8)? (Wenham, 52)
114. Where did the worshipper bring his animal for
the whole
burnt offering (Lev. 1)?
(Wenham, 53)
115. What were some possible reasons for bringing
a whole burnt
offering (Lev. 1; cf. ch. 12, 14, 15)? (Wenham, 53)
116. What psalms were sung when one offered a
whole burnt
offering (cf. Ps. 40:7; 50:8; 51:18, 21; 66:13, 15)?
(Wenham, 53)
117. Who killed the animal for the whole burnt
offering and
where (Lev. 1)? (Wenham, 53)
118. The animal was slaughtered in such a way that
what could
be removed (Lev. 1)?
(Wenham, 53)
119. What was the priest’s role in the whole burnt
offering
(Lev. 1)? What would
the priest do with the blood?
(Wenham,
53f)
120. Who chopped up the animal for the whole burnt
offering?
Who
burned the animal on the altar (Lev. 1)?
Did the worshipper
ever
get to touch the altar? (Wenham, 54)
121. What four things did the worshipper do in the
whole burnt
offering (Lev. 1)?
What two things did the priest do in
the
whole burnt offering? Did the
distribution of work
change
if it was a bird? (Wenham, 54)
122. Can you think through the process of offering
a whole burnt
offering (Lev. 1)?
(Wenham, 54)
123. How does Israelite worship differ from our
church worship
services in terms of what the worshipper does and the
priest
(Lev. 1)? (Wenham,
55) Which is more engaging and
involving?
124. What was the purpose of the whole burnt
offering (Lev. 1)?
Why does the Bible not clearly tell us? How can one figure
out
its purpose (cf. Lev. 1:4)? (Wenham, 55)
125. What gender of the animal was specified for
the whole
burnt offering? Why?
(Wenham, 55)
126. Could offerings/sacrifices not be accepted
(cf. Jer. 14:12;
Hos. 8:13; Am. 5:22)? (Wenham, 55)
127. How is God’s smell portrayed in the Old
Testament? In what
contexts and with what significance (cf. Gen. 8:21 et al.)?
(Wenham, 56) How
does sacrifice interact with the anger of God?
128. What does the word atonement mean (Lev. 1)?
(Wenham, 57)
129. What difference in atoning value is there
between the whole burnt
offering and the purification/sin and reparation/guilt
offerings (Lev. 1;
cf.
Lev. 14:20; 16:24)? (Wenham, 57)
130. How did the whole burnt offering function in
contexts outside of
Leviticus (cf. 2 Sam 24:25; Job 1:5; 2 Chr. 29:7-8; Gen.
22; Exod.
18:11f;
1 Kgs. 18:38f)? (Wenham, 57)
131. What does the offering change? Do people still retain a sinful nature?
(Lev. 1)? (Wenham,
57f)
132. Could the whole burnt offering be offered for
things other than
the atonement for sin (Lev. 1; cf. Gen. 22; Exod. 18:11f; 1
Kgs.
18:38f)? (Wenham, 58)
133. In purification kinds of contexts the whole
burnt offering would be
offered with a purification offering suggesting what other
types of
functions (Lev. 1; cf. Lev. 12:6; 14:13, 19; 15:15,
30)? (Wenham, 59)
134. What are the two meanings for atonement
(kipper) does Wenham
observe (Lev. 1)?
(Wenham, 59) Can the whole burnt
offering be
seen as a ransom payment?
How does that differ from its function as
an atonement?
135. How does the notion of
ransom function in ancient Israelite law
(cf. Exod. 21:30; Lev. 20:10) and how is that different
than our
modern use of ransom (Lev. 1)? (Wenham, 60)
136. Do the ideas of atonement and ransom ever
over lap (cf. 2 Sam.
21:3-6;
Num. 25:13; Num. 16-17; Exod. 32:30-35)?
(Wenham, 60)
137. How is kipper (atonement) used in
non-sacrificial contexts (Lev. 1; cf.
Lev. 17:11; Num. 8:10ff)? (Wenham, 61)
138. What does the worshipper’s laying his hands
on the head of the
animal symbolize and in which contexts does it occur (Lev.
1)?
(Wenham, 61f) What
often accompanied the laying on of hands?
139. How are the ideas of identification and
substitution manifest in the
ritual act of the laying on of hands (Lev. 1; cf. Lev.
8:10; 16:21;
24:14)? (Wenham, 62)
140. Wenham repeatedly says that the psalms may
tell us what was “said”
during the sacrifices and thus tip us off to their function
(cf. Ps. 20:4;
40:7; 50:8; 51:21; 66:15)?
Does Psalms really support that connection
between the psalmody of
some examples besides the ones listed. (Wenham, 63)
141. Where is the whole burnt offering associated
with vows and
confessions
of faith (Lev. 1)? (Wenham, 63)
142. While the burnt offering is only mentioned
twice in the New
Testament
(Mk. 12:33; Heb. 10:6ff), Wenham maintains that other
references
refer to its basic functions (cf. Mk. 10:45; Eph. 5:2; 1 Pet.
1:18f;
Heb. 7:27; Heb. 13:15f; 1 Jn 1:7ff).
What do we learn about its
NT
role from these references (Lev. 1)?
(Wenham, 64)
143. What does the whole burnt offering teach us
about Christ’s sacrifice
for us (Lev. 1)?
(Wenham, 65)
144. Does sin have to be cared for before true
worship (Lev. 1)?
(Wenham, 66)
Leviticus 2 Back to Top
145. How do the “if’s” in Lev. 2 structure that
chapter? (Wenham, 67)
146. What two ways is the cereal or grain offering
offered (Lev. 2)?
(Wenham, 67)
147. What two other offerings produce a “soothing
aroma to the Lord”
(Lev. 2)? (Wenham,
67)
148. What is burned up in the cereal/grain
offering and who gets the
portion not burned (Lev. 2)? (Wenham, 67)
149. What ways are described as ways the grain
could be cooked (Lev. 2)?
(Wenham, 68)
150. What could and could not be added to the
grain offering (Lev. 2)?
(Wenham, 68)
151. What did the worshipper do in preparing the
grain/cereal offering?
What did the priest do in offering it up (Lev. 2)? (Wenham, 68)
152. What was the basic function of the
cereal/grain offering (Lev. 2)?
(Wenham, 69)
153. What is the meaning of the term “minhah” that
is used to describe
the cereal/grain offering (Lev. 2)? How is “minhah” used elsewhere
(cf. Judg 3:15, 17f; 2 Sam. 8:6; 1 Kgs 4:2; 10:25; 2 Kgs.
17:3 et al.)?
(Wenham, 69)
154. How does the notion of “tribute” fit the
worshipper offering a
cereal/grain offering to the Lord (Lev. 2)? (Wenham, 69)
155. While cereal/grain offerings often
accompanied other offerings at what
times would it particularly come into focus (Lev. 2)? (Wenham, 69)
156. How was the grain offering described in Num.
5:15 where it was used
in a jealousy ritual different from what is described in
Lev. 2? Why?
What is the significance of oil and frankincense? (Wenham,
70)
157. What did oil represent (Lev. 2; cf. 1 Sam.
10:1, 9ff; 16:13 and Isa.
61:3; Ps. 45:8)?
(Wenham, 70)
158. What role did leaven/yeast have in the
sacrifices (cf. Ex. 12:15; 13:3,
7; 23:18; 34:25; Lev. 23:17, 20)? (Wenham, 71)
159. What was the role of salt in the sacrifices
(Lev. 2:13; cf. Judg. 9:45; 2
Kgs. 2:20-22; Num.
18:19; 2 Chr. 13:5)? (Wenham, 71)
160. Why did the priests and Levites not grow
their own grain? How did
the cereal offering serve the priests and their families
(Lev. 2
cf. 1 Cor. 9:4-7, 13-14)?
(Wenham, 72f)
161. What type of offering is presented in Lk.
17:11-14 and Acts 21:22-26
and what is its significance (Lev. 2)? What was the general
significance of the cereal/grain offering? (Wenham, 72)
Leviticus 3 Back to Top
162. How is chapter 3 structured? (Wenham,
74) What topically
distinguishes the three paragraphs?
163. What formulas are repeated in each paragraph
of the peace offering
(Lev. 3)? (Wenham,
74)
164. What role does the formula “This is a
permanent rule for your
descendants...” play in Leviticus (Lev. 3; cf. 7:36; 10:9;
16:29; 17:7;
23:14, 21, 31, 41; 24:3)?
165. How do the sacrifices relate to the LORD’s
sense of smell (Lev. 3:5,
16; 1:9; 2:2 etc.)?
How do you understand that? Does
God actually
smell the fragrance of the sacrifices?
166. While the peace offering is an optional sacrifice
in what three contexts
were they used (Lev. 3; cf. 7:12ff)? (Wenham, 74)
167. What was unique about who may eat part of the
peace offering
(Lev. 3)? (Wenham, 75)
168. What animal was not seen in the peace
offering but was offered in
the burnt offering (Lev. 3)? Why? (Wenham, 75)
169. What aspects of ritual were shared between
the peace offering and the
burnt offering (Lev. 3)?
(Wenham, 75)
170. What parts of the peace offering did the
priest receive (Lev. 3)?
What was burned up?
(Wenham, 76)
171. Wenham indicates that the “peace” offering is
translated in several
very different manners (Lev. 3). What are several options suggested
and how does that shift the meaning of the sacrifice? Which
suggestion does Wenham favor and why? (Wenham. 76f)
172. What are several of the nuances in the word
Hebrew word shalom
which may impact how one understands the (shelamim=peace
offering)? (Wenham,
77)
173. How does chapter 3’s rendition of the peace
offering compare to
how it is described in ch. 7? (Wenham, 77)
174. What two types of peace offerings are
connected in Ps. 56:13-14
according to Wenham (78;
Lev. 3)? How does he develop his case?
175. How is the peace offering related to Gen. 35
and 1 Sam. 1 (cf. Lev. 3)?
(Wenham, 78)
176. In what ways does the free-will offering
function in other places in
Scripture (Lev. 3; Ex. 35:29; Ezra 1:4; 8:28; Ps. 54:8 (
(Wenham, 79)
177. How did the peace offering function in meal
contexts (Lev. 3;
Deut. 12:12, 18; 27:7; 1 Kgs. 8:66)? (Wenham, 79)
178. How would the following Psalms possibly
function in the peace
offering context (Ps. 100, 26, 50, 54, 107, 116)? (Wenham, 80)
179. What are some possible reasons for the
difference in the burnt offering
burning the whole animal but only part in the peace
offering (Lev. 3)?
(Wenham, 80)
180. Why was the blood and fat not allowed to be
eaten (Lev. 3; cf. 7:22ff;
7:11)? With what was
fat usually associated in the imagery of the Old
Testament? (Wenham, 80)
181. What are the kidneys and entrails or
intestines often associated with
in the Old Testament (Lev. 3; Job 19:27; Ps. 16:7; Jer.
4:14; 12:2)?
Can one take the imagery from one passage and map it into
another?
(Wenham, 80)
182. Wenham objects to God being portrayed as
“eating” the sacrifice based
on Ps. 50:12-13. Is
there anything in Leviticus that would suggest He
does “eat” the sacrifice? (Wenham, 81)
183. When did Paul possibly offer a peace offering
in the NT (Lev. 3;
cf. Acts 21:23-26)?
(Wenham, 82)
Leviticus 4 Back to Top
184. How are the sacrifices in Lev. 1-3 arranged
in a different way than
the sacrifices of Lev. 4-5? (Wenham, 86f)
185. How do each of the sections in chs. 4-5 begin
(Lev. 4:2; 5:1, 15;
21(6:2)) and end (4:35; 5:13; 18, 26 (6:7))? How are the
subordinate paragraphs introduced (Lev. 4:13; 27, 32; 5:7,
11, 17)?
(Wenham, 87)
186. How would you support Wenham’s claim that in
the Purification (Sin)
offering what is burned on the altar is not as significant
as the rite
of the sprinkling of the blood (Lev. 4)? What determined where
the blood was sprinkled?
(Wenham, 88)
187. Wenham argues that allow hatta’t in Hebrew is usually translated
“sin” offering (Lev. 4:3, 14, 23, 23) but that this
offering should be
more carefully designated as the “purification”
offering. How would
you support this nuance (Lev. 4)? (Wenham, 88f)
188. How is purification different from the
violation of sin (cf. burnt
offering) which disrupts the covenant between God and man
and the
relationships between people (Lev. 4)? (Wenham, 89) Why was
purification necessary?
189. What did the
purification offering have in common with other offerings
(Lev. 4)? How was it
different? (Wenham, 90)
190. What does the purification offering tell us
about the structure of
Israelite society (Lev. 4)? (Wenham, 90)
191. In what situations is a purification offering
specified to be offered in
Leviticus (Lev. 4; 12:6; 14:19; 15:15)? (Wenham, 92)
192. Wenham states that the purification offering
was for unwitting or
inadvertent sins and also sins of omission (Lev. 4:2, 13,
22, 27; cf.
5:2, 3, 4; cf. Num 35).
What is the difference? (Wenham,
92)
193. Wenham, quoting Keil, says the sprinkling of
the blood was to protect
the sinner from God’s anger at sin, the fat burned
symbolized the
purification of the human soul from sin and flesh burned
outside the
camp represented the destruction of sin. How would one support or
question these interpretations of the purification offering
(Lev. 4)?
(Wenham, 93) How can
one “surmise” the meanings of ritual
acts in Leviticus?
194. When does the book of Leviticus prescribe the
purification/sin
offering be offered (Lev. 4; 12:8; 14:19; 15:31; 16:19)?
195. Wenham associates the burnt offering as
frequent, most costly and
the principal atoning sacrifice whereas the purification
offering is
less frequent, less costly and dealt with the pollution and
defilement
of sin (Lev. 4). How
would you support this (cf. Deut 21:1-9)?
(Wenham, 95)
196. Can the guilt of one person bring guilt on a
whole nation biblically
(Lev. 4)? (Wenham, 97)
197. How should one understand the “congregation”
in
suggests something like a parliament while others suggest a
judicial
board like the 70 members of the Jewish Sanhedrin and
others that
it refers to the whole nation. Which of these is correct (Lev. 4)?
(Wenham, 98)
198. Why was the sin of a tribal leader not as
serious as the sin of the
high priest (Lev. 4)?
How is that indicated in the purification/sin
offering? (Wenham,
99)
199. How
does the reference to the “tribal leaders” show Leviticus may
antedate the monarchy of
(Wenham, 99) When
does this term “tribal leader” function in
200. Where else is the “tribal leader” described
in Scripture
(Lev. 4; cf. Ezk. 44:3; 45:7, 22; Ex. 22:27)? (Wenham, 100)
201. Why was the purification/sin offering for the
priest/leader
more expensive than that of the ordinary person (Lev. 4)?
(Wenham, 100)
Leviticus 5 Back to Top
202. To what does the phrase “bear his iniquity”
refer (Lev. 5)?
(Wenham, 100)
203. Both the burnt offering and the purification
offering were offered
for an offence. What
role did each play in the atonement process
(Lev. 5)? (Wenham, 101)
204. How would you support or refute Wenham’s
statement that the
purification offering was for cleansing the pollution of
sin
so that God’s presence could continue among His people
(Lev.
5)? (Wenham, 101)
205. How is Christ’s blood
related to the cleansing process (Lev. 5;
1 Pet. 1:2, 1 Jn. 1:7; Rev. 7:14; Heb. 9:12-13;
10:19-22)?
(Wenham,
101f)
206. The animal was burned outside the camp. How does the New
Testament
connect that with Jesus’ death (Lev. 5; Heb. 13:10-16)?
(Wenham,
102)
207. How does the NT also reinforce the idea of
the greater responsibility
of leaders (Lev. 5; Lk. 12:48;
208. How do you understand the nature and impact
of unintentional
sin (Lev. 4-5)?
(Wenham, 103)
209. How is the notion of confession shared by
both testaments
(Lev. 5:5f; NT)?
(Wenham, 103)
210. Was a bird ever offered
as a reparation/guilt offering (Lev. 5:7)?
(Wenham, 104) If not,
how should Lev. 5:7 be translated?
211. What is the relationship between the
sin/purification offering
and the guilt/reparation offering (Lev. 4-5)? (Wenham,
104f)
How did the ritual and circumstances differ under which
each
was offered?
212. What kind of animals could be offered as a
reparation/guilt
offering (Lev. 5:14ff)?
How is that different from the purification/sin
offering? (Wenham, 105)
213. How would you defend or object to Wenham’s
statement that in the
reparation/guilt offering, the value of the animal not the
procedure at
the altar, was the most important thing (Lev. 5)? (Wenham, 105)
214. For what kinds of
offences was the guilt/reparation offering made
(Lev. 5; 14:10ff; 19:20-22; Num. 5;6-10; 6:9-12; Num.
31:16; Ezk.
20:27;
Ezra 10:2, 10; Josh. 7:1; 2 Chr. 26:16, 18)?
(Wenham, 106)
215. Wenham says the reparation/guilt offering is
made for inadvertantly
violating the Lord’s sacred property. How is that supported (Lev.
22:14)? (Wenham, 106)
216. What does Lev. 5:15, 18, 25 which says, that
the ram must be
convertible into silver shekels, mean? How is Speiser’s
suggestion
that it is either a ram or silver is offered supported?
(Wenham, 107)
217. What is a sanctuary shekel (Lev. 5:15)?
(Wenham, 107)
218. How do you respond to Wenham’s statement that
the reparation/guilt
offering “served to pacify oversensitive Israelite
consciences”?
(Wenham, 108)
219. How does the 20% restitution compare with
other passages where
offences are repaid (cf. Ex. 22:6ff)? (Wenham, 109)
220. What two main offences was the
reparation/guilt offering made for
(Lev. 5)? (Wenham,
109)
221. How does the reparation/guilt offering
function for the Nazarites
(Lev. 5; Num. 6:9-12)? (Wenham, 110) How does it relate to
the leper (Lev. 14:12)?
222. How does the suffering servant of Isa.
53:5-10 (vs. 10 is a reference
to
the reparation/guilt offering) relate to the
reparation/guilt offering of Lev. 5? (Wenham, 110)
223. How do the concepts of substitutionary
atonement and reparation
relate in the sacrificial system (Lev. 5)? (Wenham, 111)
224. How would you support or critique Wenham’s
summary that:
burnt
offering brings reconciliation, the purification/sin offering
brings
purification from the stain of sin, and the reparation/guilt
brings
satisfaction through the paying for sin?
(Wenham, 111)
225. In how many different ways does sin affect us
and our relationship
with God and others as evidenced in the sacrificial system
(Lev. 5)?
(Wenham, 111)
226. How does the New Testament apply the
sacrifices to Jesus through
Isa. 53 (cf. John 12:38;
22:37)? (Wenham,
111)
227. Why must God be compensated for sin as a debt
in the reparation/
guilt offering (Lev. 5)?
(Wenham, 112)
228. Are we expected to make amends for sin before
receiving forgiveness
as the reparation/guilt offering implies (Lev. 5; cf. Mat.
6:12; 5:23f
Lk.
19:8f)? (Wenham, 112)
Leviticus 6 Back to Top
229. What is the structure (9 paragraphs) of
Leviticus 6-7? Why is there a
repetition of the same sacrifices? What opening formulas
are used in
several
of these paragraph divisions? (Wenham, 116)
230. Wenham says the theme of ch. 6-7 is the
eating of sacrificial meat.
How could that be supported or countered? (Wenham, 116)
231. Wenham suggests, following Hoffmann, that
Lev. 6-7 follows from
and is connected to the story in Exod. 29: How do the two passages
link? Is it a
salient point that Lev. 1 (chs. 1-5) are revealed in the
tabernacle (1:1) while 6-7 were revealed at
(Wenham, 117) What
questions does such a suggestion not answer?
232. How would you support the claim that Lev. 1-5
has the worshipper in
focus while Lev. 6-7 is priestly in orientation? (Wenham,
117f) How
is that difference in the intended audience reflected in
the content that
is developed in each section (Lev. 1-5 in contrast to 6-7)?
233. Wenham suggests that Lev. 1-5 is arranged as
Lev. 1-3 food offering
producing
“a soothing aroma for the Lord” and Lev. 4-5 a
purification/reparation
offerings securing forgiveness for sin.
How
would
you support and modify this? (Wenham, 118)
234. What is repeated 5 times in Lev. 6:2-13?
(Wenham, 119)
235. What offerings were customarily offered every
morning and evening
(Lev. 6; Num 28:3-8)?
(Wenham, 119)
236. What did the perpetual fire symbolize (Lev.
6) and which is most
likely? What suggestions do interpreters like Calvin
(fire from
heaven),
Keil (uninterrupted worship), Gispen (continual
consecration)
and Wenham himself make (constant need for
atonement)?
(Wenham, 119)
237. How would Wenham’s view of the perpetual fire
symbolizing the
constant need for atonement fit with Heb. 7:25? (Wenham,
120)
238. The cereal, purification/sin and
reparation/guilt offerings were called
“most holy” (Lev. 6:10, 18[17, 25]; 7:6). What did that mean?
(Wenham, 120)
239. Where were the most holy
sacrifices to be eaten (Lev. 6)?
(Wenham,
120)
240. What happened to the person touching the most
holy sacrifices (Lev.
6:11 [18])? (Wenham,
121)
241. How was someone “deconsecrated” or made
common again (Lev. 6:
20ff [27ff] e.g. a
Nazirite after completing a vow of consecration
(Num. 6:13-20)? (Wenham, 121)
242. What unique instruction was given to the
priest concerning the offering
of his own cereal offering (Lev. 6; cf. purification/sin
offering?
(Wenham,
121)
243. While the sacrifices were offered daily (Lev.
6:13 [20]), what did that
say about Christ’s sacrifice (Heb. 7:27)? (Wenham, 122)
244. What two types of purification/sin offering
were the priests not to eat
(Lev. 6)? (Wenham,
122)
Leviticus 7 Back to Top
245. Wenham says the reparation/guilt offering
ritual is more fully
described
in ch. 7 than it had been in ch. 5. How
so? (Wenham, 122)
246. Is Lev. 7:10 saying other priests cannot eat
cooked cereal offerings
or that lay folk should not share in it as Hoffmann
suggests?
(Wenham,
123)
247. What was the only offering lay people were
allowed to eat (Lev.
7:11f)?
(Wenham, 123)
248. How does the description of the peace
offering in ch. 7 compare
and contrast with that of chapter 3? (Wenham, 123)
249. What three types of peace offering are
distinguished in Lev. 7:11-17?
(Wenham, 123)
250. How did the confession peace offering differ
itself (Lev. 7)? What
does
this imply about Aaron’s not eating the sin offering but burning
it
all up in Lev. 10:19? (Wenham, 124)
251. What other substance was to be only eaten on
the first day it was
received (Ex. 16:19ff.)?
Did this show the worshipper’s faith that
God would provide for his needs on a daily basis? (Wenham,
124)
252. Lev. 7:20f talks about an unclean person
being “cut off from his
people”. To what types of sin does this phrase apply
(Lev. 7:21, 25,
27;
17:4, 9; 18:29; 19:8; 20:17f; 22:3)?
(Wenham, 125)
253. While fat was not to be eaten for what other
purposes could it be used
if the animal died by itself (Lev. 7:23ff; cf. 11:39f;
17:15; Deut.
14:21)? (Wenham, 125)
254. What two parts did the priest receive from
the peace offering (Lev.
7:30ff; cf. Deut. 18)?
(Wenham, 126)
255. What archaeological find at
foreleg to the priests may have been a pre-Mosaic custom
(Lev. 7)?
(Wenham, 126)
256. While the breast was called a “dedication
(waving),” the right leg the
priest
received was called a “contribution (heaving)”.
What is the
difference
(Lev. 7)? What options have people
suggested (Vincent,
Driver,
Milgrom) (Wenham, 126)
257. Wenham says that the New Testament
application of these chapters
(Lev. 6-7) show the need to carefully observe the
conventions of
worship that vary from society to society so as to show
appropriate
reverence? What
would be some of those forms today that vary
from denomination to denomination? (Wenham, 127)
258. Is Wenham justified in using Lev. 6-7 and the
care taken to specify
worship
form and order to critique the “slapdash” leading of services
and
spontaneity today based on 2 Cor. 3:6 and Jesus comments about
worshipping
in spirit and truth? (Wenham, 128) How
would the
performing
arts caution against spontaneity?
Leviticus 8
259. How does history break
into the law code at Lev. 8:1-10:20?
(Wenham, 129) What
does that suggest about the relationship
between
law and history in
260. What was the function of the tabernacle and
priesthood (cf.
Exod. 29:43ff)? (Wenham, 130)
261. How often and in what contexts does the
phrase “as the Lord
commanded Moses” occur in Lev. 8-10? (Wenham, 130) What
is the significance of that?
262. How are Lev. 8 and Exod. 29 connected? Chart
out connections.
(Wenham,
131)
263. What role did Aaron play in the dedication of
the tabernacle
(Ex. 40)? Why
not? How does that play into Lev.
8-10?
(Wenham,
131)
264. Wenham makes the analogy between Aaron and
Peter. At what
points is this a fitting analogy (Lev. 8-10)? (Wenham, 132)
265. What
was relationship between Aaron and Moses in relation
to God in Leviticus 1-10?
What role does Moses play in
Aaron’s
ordination (cf. Lev. 8:38f)? (Wenham, 132)
266. Wenham says the levitical law favors a
three-fold structural
division or framework.
How is that seen in the structure
of Lev. 8-10? (Wenham, 132)
267. How do Lev. 8, 9, and 10 hang together as a
triptych (Lev. 8-10)?
(Wenham, 133) What
common structures may be seen between
these three units (note the repetitions)?
268. Who acts as a priest in Lev. 8? (Wenham, 134)
How is that
priestly role manifested?
269. What shift in person takes place between
chapter 8 and 9?
(Wenham, 134)
270. What is missing in the beginning of Lev. 10
that indicates that
something is wrong when compared to the develop of chs.
8-9?
What is missing? (Wenham, 134)
271. How could one contrast Lev. 9:24 and
10:2? How is the
same imagery used with two very different results? (Wenham,
134)
272. In chapter 8, how does the phrase “as the
Lord commanded”
take one back to Exod. 29? (Wenham, 137)
273. How are command and obedience modeled in Lev.
8?
(Wenham, 137)
274. What was the ordination of the high priest
like (Exod. 29)?
(Wenham, 137)
275. The “congregation” witnessed Aaron’s
ordination. What other
events did the “congregation” witness (cf. Num. 1:8; 8:9;
20:8;
Exod. 35:1)?
(Wenham, 138)
276. What function does Aaron’s or anyone’s
wearing a prescribed
uniform play (Lev. 8)?
For what reasons are uniforms worn
today? (Wenham, 138)
277. Where are Aaron’s garments described in
detail (cf. Exod.)?
How are they described? (Wenham, 139)
278. How would one describe the priestly garments
in modern
terms (shirt, sash, ephod, breast plate) (Lev. 8)?
(Wenham, 139)
279. What was the Urim and Thummim (Lev. 8:8; cf.
Exod. 28:15ff;
1
Sam. 14:41; 28:6; Ezra 2:63; Neh. 7:69)?
When was it used?
What options are suggested in major biblical dictionaries
and
encyclopedias? (Wenham, 139)
280. What was written on the gold plate of the
priests turban
(Lev. 8; Ex. 28:36f)? (Wenham, 140)
281. How was the notion of the whole of
(Exod. 19:6) similar to the church (1 Pet. 2:5; Rev.
1:6)? How does
the imagery of clothes make its way into the New Testament
(Lev. 8; cf. I Thess. 5:8;
282. When Moses anoints Aaron in Lev. 8, what
commands is
he fulfilling (cf. Exod. 40:9-11)? Who also was anointed
in
(cf. 1 Sam. 10:1ff; 16:13; Isa. 61:1)? (Wenham, 141)
283. How does Lev. 8:15 support Wenham’s argument
that the
object on which the blood is smeared is purified?
(Wenham, 141)
284. In Lev. 8:18-21 Moses offers the burnt
offering in which case
he is acting in what major role? What role are the priests
being anointed found in this ritual? (Wenham, 142)
285. In the ordination of the priests in Lev.
8:22-30, what modifications
to the peace offering are made (hint: blood)? (Wenham, 142)
286. Who also had blood smeared on his right ear,
thumb and toe
as the priests did in Lev. 8 (cf. Lev. 14:14)? (Wenham, 143)
287. In the purification offering when the priests
were anointed there
seems to be no mention of vows. Wenham asks if it was
confessional. What
was the nature of Aaron’s confession?
Are these the only options?
What alternatives do you see in
the purpose of the purification offering here (Lev.
8:29ff)?
(Wenham, 143)
288. Why were just the right ear, right thumb and
right big toe
smeared with blood (Lev. 8)? (Wenham, 143)
289. How would you compare Exod. 29:3ff and Lev.
8:31-36?
(Wenham, 143)
290. What does the warning given in Lev. 8:35f
anticipate in the
narrative? (Wenham, 144)
291. While defilement happens in a moment,
cleansing often is a
slower process. The
priests ordination process took 7 days.
What other cleansing processes took 7 days (cf. Lev. 14:8f;
15:13f;
28f)? (Wenham, 143)
292. How is Christ’s priesthood manifest something
different about
his priesthood in contrast to the priests of the Old
Testament
as seen in their ordination ceremony in Lev. 8 (cf. Heb. 7:27)?
(Wenham, 145)
Leviticus 9 Back to Top
293. After Aaron is ordained, how does his
dependence on Moses change
(Lev. 9)? (Wenham,
147)
294. How would you compare and contrast Lev. 8 and
9?
(Wenham, 147)
295. What repeated phrase in Lev. 9 shows Moses as
prophet was
still in authority over Aaron the priest (cf. Lev. 9:1, 2,
5, 6, 7)?
(Wenham, 147)
296. What irony is seen in Aaron’s first offering
of a bull (Lev. 9)?
For what sin was he offering it? (Wenham, 148)
297. In Lev. 9 it twice says the sacrifices were
to be done so that
“the glory of the Lord may appear to you”. When had that
glory been seen outside of this account (cf. Ex. 24:16f;
Num.
14:10f)? (Wenham, 148)
298. In Lev. 9:8-21 where is the blood placed and
where was it
normally to be placed for a high priest (Lev. 4:3ff)?
(Wenham, 149)
299. On the first day of his induction, Aaron
offers every kind of
sacrifice except ________ (Lev. 9)? (Wenham, 149)
300. God sent his heavenly
fire to show approval of these initial offerings in
Lev. 9. When did God
similarly send fire (cf. 2 Chr. 7:1ff; 1 Kgs.
18;
Judg. 13:15ff)? (Wenham, 150)
301. In Lev. 9:24 it says they “shouted”. How and in what contexts is that
word used elsewhere in Scripture? (Wenham, 150) What is the
relationship
of shouting and silence in God’s presence?
302. What was the goal of all the rituals of Lev.
9? (Wenham, 151)
303. How is the presence of God here similar and
different to how His
presence
is manifest in the New Testament (Lev. 9)? (Wenham, 151)
304. What role does fear play in worship and the
manifestation of the
presence of God (Lev. 9; cf. Heb. 2:43; Heb. 12:28f)?
(Wenham, 151)
Leviticus 10 Back to Top
305. What other times in Scripture do triumph and
tragedy go hand in hand
(Lev. 10; cf. Mat. 4; Acts 3-5)? (Wenham, 153)
306. How is the modern notion of forgiveness shown
to be lacking in Lev.
10
and Acts 5? (Wenham, 153)
307. How is the “command-fulfillment” cycle broken
early in Lev. 10 and
re-established
later in the chapter? (Wenham, 154)
308. Who were Aaron’s four sons (Lev. 10) and in
what capacities had they
been
seen before in the biblical text (Ex. 24:1ff)? (Wenham, 154)
309. How was the fire offered by Nadab/Abihu
“strange” (Lev. 10; cf.
Exod.
30:9)? (Wenham, 155) Where were the coals to have been
gotten
for the censers? What was the incense to
be on such censers?
How
is the word “strange” used elsewhere in Scripture (Exod. 30:33;
Lev.
22:12; Num. 17:5 [16:40 Eng])?
310. How is the phrase “fire came from the Lord”
used in two different
ways
in Lev. 9 and 10? (Wenham, 155)
311. How is the phrase “as commanded” developed in
chs. 8-10?
(Wenham, 155)
312. How is Aaron’s response contrasted in chs. 9
and 10? (Wenham, 155)
313. How is the statement “the closer one is to
God, the more one must pay
attention to holiness,” seen in Scripture (Lev. 10)?
(Wenham, 156)
314. What are some other situations where God slew
someone who was
close to Him (Lev. 10; cf. 1 Kgs. 13; 1 Sam 6:19; 2 Kgs.
5:20ff)?
(Wenham, 156)
315. Because the priests were not to go near dead
bodies, how are the deaths
of Nadab and Abihu cared for (Lev. 10)? (Wenham, 157)
316. How are the normal rites of mourning in
(Wenham, 157) Who
was and was not allowed to mourn in Lev. 10?
317. How do you explain the random mention of the
forbidding of alcohol
in
Lev. 10? (Wenham, 158)
318. What is the biblical view of wine (pros and
cons)(Lev. 10)?
(Wenham,
159)
319. How is the role of the priests as teachers in
10? (Wenham, 159)
320. At what point did Aaron violate what was
commanded after the death
of Nadab and Abihu (Lev. 10)? (Wenham, 160)
321. How do James 3:1; Luk. 12:48 and 1 Pet. 4:17
relate to Lev. 10?
(Wenham, 160)
Leviticus 11 Back to Top
322. How are chapters 11-15 organized? (Wenham,
161)
323. How is the relationship between Lev. 1-7 and
8-9 similar to the
relationship
between Lev. 11-15 and 16? (Wenham, 161)
324. How does the New Testament make clear that
the cleanness laws were
not meant to be eternal prescriptions (Mk. 7:14ff; Acts 10
& 15; 1
Cor.
10:23ff)? Why were they abrogated in the
New
Testament?
(Wenham, 162)
325. How certain are we about the identification
of the animals
described
in Lev. 11? (Wenham, 164)
326. What structural marker identifies the 6
sections of Lev. 11?
(Wenham,
164)
327. What are the six general rules Wenham sees in
describing the
animals
that are kosher (Lev. 11)? (Wenham, 165f)
328. How are the levels of pollution distinguished
in the cleansing
process
(Lev. 11)?
329. What are the four general ways interpreters
have striven to
explain
why certain animals were considered unclean and
others
clean? What is the support and problems with each
approach?
(Wenham, 167)
330. What biblical evidence can be sited to
support the cultic view
of why certain animals were considered unclean
(Cf. Ex. 19:5f; Lev.
11:44f; Isa. 65:4)? (Wenham, 167)
331. What reasons are used to manifest the
weakness of the hygienic
view (Lev. 11)?
(Wenham, 168)
332. What contribution has Mary Douglas made to
the discussion of
uncleanness laws (Lev. 11)?
(Wenham, 169) How does
uncleanness
relate to the concepts of wholeness and normality?
333. What do you think of Wenham’s division of
animals and
humans
into clean, unclean and sacrificial categories (Lev. 11)?
Does
he make his case that “animals symbolize the human
world”?
(Wenham, 170)
334. How does the New Testament view the animals
symbolizing
humans
and divine choices connection (Lev. 11)?
(Wenham,
171)
335. Where else are both Moses and Aaron addressed
by God (Lev.
11;
cf. 13:1; 14:33; 15:1) and do they have any features in
common?
(Wenham, 171)
336. The splitting the hoof and chewing the cud
includes
domesticated
animals and what other types (Lev. 11; Deut.
14:5)?
(Wenham, 171)
337. Camels, coney and the hare are said to chew
the cud. Is this
true?
(Lev. 11) What is really meant here?
(Wenham, 172)
What
is Wenham’s suggestion and does it satisfy you?
338. What two ways could a camel make a person
unclean (Lev. 11)?
(Wenham, 172)
339. Is
and bulls hence his people also had to restrict their diets
a
solid argument (Lev. 11)?
(Wenham, 172)
340. Does the restriction of food really reinforce
the idea of divine
election (Lev. 11)?
(Wenham, 173)
341. Do unclean animals that have only half the
requirements really
“symbolize those who attempted to blur the edges of the
covenant community and detract from its holiness” (Lev.
11)?
(Wenham, 173)
342. What explanations have been given for why
only fish with
scales
were eaten (Lev. 11)? (Wenham, 173)
343. In fish and land animals are the means of
locomotion and mode
of eating two types of tests used to distinguish clean and
unclean
(Lev. 11)? (Wenham, 174)
344. Why is a bat classified as a bird (Lev.
11)? Is that right?
(Wenham, 174)
345. What suggestions are given as to why birds of
prey are considered
unclean (Lev. 11)?
(Wenham, 174f)
346. What is the difference between unclean and
detestable
(Lev.
11)? (Wenham, 174f)
347. How does one distinguish what bugs are clean
and unclean
(Lev.
11)? How does
what
other approaches were able to handle? (Wenham, 175f)
348. How does the death of an animal change its
ability to transmit
uncleanness (Lev. 11)?
(Wenham, 176)
349. What is the only kind of dead animal that
does not pollute
(Lev.
11)? (Wenham, 176)
350. What are the different lengths of being
polluted (Lev. 11; 15:13;
12:5; 13:45f)? (Wenham, 176)
351. How are things that have touched a dead
animal to be cleansed
(Lev. 11)? (Wenham, 176)
352. Why does death make things unclean according
to a
Douglas/Wenham
explanation (Lev. 11)? (Wenham, 177)
353. Animals with “paws” are described as unclean.
What is the
Hebrew
word for the term “paw” and how else could it be
translated
(Lev. 11) (Wenham, 177)
354. How would you biblically support each of the
cells in
Wenham’s
chart on the bottom of p. 177 concerning
Life/Normality
to Death/Total Disorder (Lev. 11)?
355. Why is swarming contrary to biblical thoughts
of holiness
(Lev. 11)? (Wenham,
178) Is order and disorder the
core of Levitical thought here or is it a modern construct?
356. How were pottery and ovens purified (Lev.
11)? (Wenham, 179)
357. What differences were there between an
earthen vessel and a
wooden one in terms of how they were cleansed (Lev. 11)?
(Wenham, 179)
358. How does water “enable” impurity with grains
(Lev. 11)?
(Wenham, 180) What
is the best explanation of this?
360. Is Wenham right in trying to relate the
divine command “be holy
as I am holy” to the uncleanness eating laws (Lev. 11)?
(Wenham, 180)
361. In what contexts does the “be holy, for I am
holy” statement
arise (Lev. 11:44f; 19:2; 20:7, 26)? (Wenham, 180)
362. How does the summary found in Lev. 11:46f
parallel the
summaries
found elsewhere in Leviticus (cf. chs. 13, 14, 15)?
(Wenham,
181)
363. How do the kosher laws of distinguishing
clean and unclean
foods
interface with the New Testament (Lev. 11; cf. Mat.
15:17ff;
23:25ff; Mk. 7:19; Acts 10:11ff; ch. 15; 1 Cor. 10:26
and
Gal. 2:11ff; Rom. 14:15)? (Wenham, 182f)
364. How strong is it in the Old Testament to see
as “reminders of
(Wenham,
184)
365. What is a potential problem with seeing
avoidance
holiness was given a physical expression in every
encounter
with the animal kingdom and at every meal.” (Lev.
11)
(Wenham, 184)
366. Are there any draw backs to Douglas’/Wenham’s
connection of
biblical wholeness and holiness (Lev. 11)? (Wenham, 184)
367. How do chapters 12, 13, 15 and 25 fit the
pattern of 1) period of
uncleanness, 2) sacrifice, 3) summary, and 4) provision for
the
poor (Lev. 11)? (Wenham, 186)
Leviticus 12 Back to Top
368. What
bonds chapters 12-15 together? (Wenham, 186)
369. How does the woman being unclean after
childbirth illustrate the
principle of the separation of the clean and unclean (Lev.
12)?
When is her uncleanness contagious? (Wenham, 186)
370. Why is the period of uncleanness for a boy
(40 days) so much
shorter than that for having a girl (80 days)(Lev. 12)?
Why was she unclean in the first place for having a child?
Did
the Israelites despise childbirth? (Wenham, 187f)
371. How was having children viewed elsewhere in
Scripture
(Gen. 15ff; 1 Sam. 1; Lev. 20:20; Deut. 28:18; Lev. 26:9;
Ps.
127:3-5)? (Wenham, 187)
372. What exactly is unclean in childbirth? Is it the child? Is it
the discharge of blood (Lev. 12:4, 5, 7)? Is
when
she ties it back into the idea of a discharging body lacking
wholeness?
(Wenham, 188)
373. Is it possible that the boy/girl birth
difference in uncleanness
may tie back into social norms at the time as seen in the
price of woman redemption being half of that of a man
(Lev. 27:2ff)? (Wenham, 188)
374. When is this birth ritual mentioned in the
New Testament?
(Lev. 12; cf. Luk. 2:22f)?
(Wenham, 189) What does that
tell us about Jesus and his family?
Leviticus 13 Back to Top
375. How are chapters 13-14 structured? (Wenham,
192)
376. How did the incorrect translation “leprosy”
come to be associated
with these chapters (Lev. 13f)? (Wenham, 192)
377. What are the four symptoms that are seen in
the skin diseases
described in Lev. 13f? (Wenham, 192)
378. What structural repeated phrase breaks chs.
13-14 into three
units (Lev. 13:1; 14:1, 33)? (Wenham, 193)
379. Numerous skin diseases are described in Lev.
13. What common
format
is used to describe each of them? (Wenham, 193)
380. What two Hebrew words does Wenham use to
structure the
symptom description and diagnosis of skin diseases in Lev.
13?
(Wenham, 193f)
381. What is true leprosy (Hansen’s disease) like
and can it be cured
today (Lev. 13)? In
what cultures is it found? (Wenham, 194f)
382. What three reasons does Wenham cite in order
to show that
tsara’at was not
leprosy in Lev. 13? (Wenham, 195)
383. With what type of disease symptom does Wenham
identify
the Hebrew term tsara’at
and Greek translation lepra (Lev.
13)?
(Wenham, 195)
384. What three types of diseases does Browne
identify and
what are their modern names (Lev. 13)? (Wenham, 196)
385. What is psoriasis, favus and leucoderma like
as described
in
modern terms? (Wenham, 196f)
386. What other sections of Leviticus are
addressed both to Moses
and Aaron (Lev. 13:1; cf. 11:1; 14:33; 15:1)? Why would
Lev. 13 appropriately include Aaron? (Wenham, 197)
387. What are the first sets of tests for the
serious skin disease
(Lev. 13:2-8)? (Wenham,
197)
388. What technique was used to distinguish
between acute and
chronic skins diseases (Lev. 13:2-8)? (Wenham, 198)
389. In the second set of skin disease tests (Lev.
13:9-17), what
is the sure sign that there is a major problem? (Wenham, 198)
390. To what modern disease does Hulse see the
symptoms described
in Lev. 13:9-17 evidence of? (Wenham, 198)
391. What are three options for the skin disease
described in Lev.
13:18-28? (Wenham, 198)
392. The yellowing of the hair rather than white
is most typical
of what disease (Lev. 13:29-37)? (Wenham, 199)
393. What is the modern name of the skin disease
described in
Lev. 13:38-39? (Wenham, 199) Why is it not counted
as defiling?
394. Is baldness a skin disease (cf. Lev.
13:40-44)? Why would
Hulse suggest that it is psoriasis? (Wenham, 200)
395. What four things must one who is unclean from
skin disease do to
prevent others from being defiled (Lev. 13)? (Wenham, 200)
396. What does the tearing of one’s clothes
symbolize in the OT (Lev. 13;
Gen.
37:34; 2 Sam 1:11; Num. 14:6; 2 Kgs. 22:11, 19; Ezra 9:5; 2
Kgs.
11:14; 19:1)? (Wenham, 200)
397. The person with the skin disease was banished
to live “outside the
camp.”
What other things took place at that
location (Lev. 13)?
(Wenham,
200) What three levels of sacred space
can be seen in
the
movement from the tabernacle to the camp of
the
camp?
398. What are some examples of people who actually
were made to go
outside
the camp in the OT because of their skin disease (Lev. 13; cf.
Num.
12:9ff; 2 Kgs. 7:3ff)? (Wenham, 201)
399. What is the connection between skin disease
and mold in clothes and
hoursehold articles (Lev. 13)? (Wenham, 201)
400. To what does the phrase “warp or woof” refer
(Lev. 13:48ff)?
(Wenham, 202)
401. What do commentators suggest as ways of
explaining how mold could
defile the warp and woof but not the garment and how could
it grow
in the warp but not the woof (Lev. 13)? (Wenham, 202)
402. Why all the focus on symptoms (Lev. 13)? How does that relate to the
concept of wholeness? (Wenham, 203)
403. What three criterion were used that led to
the verdict of uncleanness
for skin disease (Lev. 13)? (Wenham, 203)
404. What is God’s relationship with uncleanness
(Lev. 13; cf. Isa. 6:3ff)?
(Wenham, 203)
Leviticus 14 Back to Top
405. What two sections are found in Lev. 14?
(Wenham, 206f)
406. Do rituals of cleansing have anything to do
with cures (Lev. 14)?
(Wenham, 207)
407. How did
practices of magical rites and exorcism practiced by those
around
them (Lev. 14)? (Wenham, 207)
408. When a person was cleansed of a skin disease,
what was the ritual of
the two birds like (Lev. 14)? (Wenham, 208) Are there parallels
between
the two bird ritual and the two goats on the day of Atonement
(Lev.
16)? Chart out the similarities and differences.
409. What are “rites of aggregation” and how do
they function in a society
(Lev. 14)? (Wenham, 208)
410. What does Wenham say represents
(Wenham, 208)
411. The person with the skin disease was
readmitted to the community on
the
8th day. What other ritual
was performed on the 8th day and are
there
any parallels (Lev. 14)? (Wenham, 209)
412. While the burnt, cereal and purification
offerings are easily understood
to be part of the cleansing ritual, what role does the
reparation
offering
play (Lev. 14)? What grounds does
Milgrom’s suggetsion
have?
(Wenham, 210)
413. Where is the blood smeared on one cleansed
from the reparation
offering
(Lev. 14)? What does that symbolize?
(Wenham, 210f)
414. Wenham says that in diagnosing infected
houses color and depth
mattered. How would you support this from the text
(Lev. 14)?
(Wenham,
211)
415. Is the law of infected houses appropriate
when
wondering
in the wilderness (Lev. 14)? How does
this contrast with
laws
found in (Lev. 14:3, 8; 13:46)? (Wenham, 211)
416. How is the destruction of stone houses a
“reinterpretation” or
“reapplication”
of old laws to new circumstances as Wenham states
(Lev.
14)? (Wenham, 212)
417. Lev. 14:54-57 is a summary. Where also are such summaries seen in
Leviticus (11:46f; 12:7; 13:59; 14:32; 15:32f)? Do you see any
patterns?
(Wenham, 212)
418. Wenham relates the word holiness to wholeness
(cf. German). Is this
etymological approach a valid way of defining words? (Lev. 14)
While
Wenham doesn’t use such an approach is his conclusion correct
and
how would you support it? (Wenham, 212)
419. Where in Scripture are skin diseases linked
to sin (Num. 12:9f; 2 Kgs.
5:26f;
2 Kgs. 15:5; 2 Chr. 26:19f)? Is it always the case? (Wenham,
213)
420. Wenham sees the skin diseased person’s
banishment as a reenactment
of the fall. Would
you agree or disagree with that connection (Lev.
14)?
(Wenham, 213)
421. How did Jesus treat “lepers” (cf. Mat. 8:2f;
11:5; Mk. 14:3; Lk.
17:11ff)? What did that declare about Christ’s
ministry? Did Jesus
abrogate
the skin disease law or command those he healed to follow
them?
(Wenham, 213)
422. How did Jesus’ ministry bring reconciliation
not only to internal sin
but
to external physical realities? (Wenham, 214)
Leviticus 15 Back to Top
423. How are the four main sections introduced in
Lev. 15? (Wenham, 216)
424. Wenham breaks the discharges into
long-term/transient resulting in
what type of literary pattern between the male discharges
and female
discharges (Lev. 15)? (Wenham, 217) What is the literary function
of a chiasm?
425. How is the word “flesh” used in Lev. 15? (Wenham, 217)
426. Wenham argues that the discharges in Lev. 15
are from sexual organs
not other bodily discharges. Is his argument against hemorrhoids
cogent? (Wenham, 217)
427. What in the text indicates that the discharges
were infectious in terms
of their uncleanness (Lev. 15)? (Wenham, 218)
428. How are objects (beds, chairs, and saddles)
impacted by bodily
discharges (Lev. 15)? (Wenham, 218)
429. What role does washing the hands play in the
transmission of
discharge
uncleanness (Lev. 15)? (Wenham, 219)
430. How
is the emission of semen treated in other places in the Scripture
(cf.
Lev. 15; Ex. 19:15; Lev. 22:4ff; Deut. 23:9ff; 1 Sam. 21:4ff; 2 Sam. 11:11;
Gen. 38:9f)? (Wenham, 219)
431. While long term discharges are talked about
first in terms of males,
what is talked about first in regards to women (Lev. 15)?
(Wenham,
219f)? What is a
possible reason?
432. What other ancient peoples viewed
menstruation as a cause of cultic
uncleanness (Lev. 15)? (Wenham, 220)
433. Where else in scripture does one find the
prohibition against having
intercourse during menstruation (Lev. 15; cf. 18:19; Ezek.
18:6;
22:10;
20:18)? (Wenham, 220)
434. What was required for
re-admittance after menstrual impurity (Lev.
15)? What is that similar to? (Lev. 15)? (Wenham,
220)
435. How does long and short term discharges
differ in how they are treated
(Lev. 15)? (Wenham, 221)
436. What role does the repeated statements “he
will bear his iniquity”
(17:16;
19:8; 22:9) or “he will be cut off” (20:18...) play in the
narrative
(Lev. 15)? (Wenham, 221)
437. What four reasons are given to explain the
rationale behind these
discharge
laws (Lev. 15)? How does Mary Douglas’
approach
holiness/normality
fit in regard to the unity, integrity and
purity
of the human body? (Wenham, 223)
438. Because sexual intercourse rendered both
parties unclean, how would
these
laws interface with the fertility cult in Near Eastern religion
(Lev.
15)? (Wenham, 223)
439. On what grounds does Wenham suggest that
menstruation was much
rarer in the ancient Near East (Lev. 15)? Is his analysis
plausible?
(Wenham,
224)
440. How did Jesus interface with the laws of
uncleanness of a woman with
an issue of blood (Mk. 5:34ff)? (Wenham, 224) How did Jesus’
touching
them reflect on these laws? Do you agree
that this
symbolized
the
Wenham
has suggested?
441. How did the Pharisees respond to Jesus and
hand washing (Mat.
15/Mk.
7)? (Wenham, 225)
442. How does Jesus teaching in Mat. 15:11 fit
with these commands?
(Wenham, 225)
443. Do you agree/disagree with Wenham’s
suggestion the discharge laws
of Lev. 15 and uncleanness may have been to stigmatize
irregular
sexual behiavor and to encourage restraint among the
unmarried?
(Wenham, 225)
Leviticus 16 Back to Top
444. To what chapter does Lev. 16 link back (cf.
10:1ff)? How is that link
made?
(Wenham, 227)
445. Wenham states that both Lev. 11-15 and 16
both find their point of
departure in Lev. 10.
Do you agree or disagree and why?
(Wenham,
227)
446. What role does the phrase “make atonement for
himself” play in
the narrative of Lev. 16? (Wenham, 228)
447. What five-fold structure is manifest in Lev.
16? (Wenham, 228)
448. How does 16:2 manifest Moses’ special place
with God even higher
than Aaron the anointed high priest? (Wenham, 229)
449. Of what does the Day of Atonement warn Aaron
(Lev. 16:2)?
(Wenham, 229)
450. How does the priest’s garments on the Day of
Atonement (Lev. 16:4)
differ from the full priestly vestments discussed in Exod.
28?
(Wenham, 230) Wenham
states on the Day of Atonement the
high priest looked more like a slave. Do you agree/disagree?
Why would that be true on the Day of Atonement?
451. What four steps are given in the Day of
Atonement ceremony (Lev. 16:
6-10)? (Wenham,
230f)
452. How do the blood sprinkling rites of the Day
of Atonement parallel
the rites for the anointing of a priest (Lev. 16:11-14; cf.
Lev. 4:3, 6,
11-12)? (Wenham, 231)
What differences are observed where the
blood
was sprinkled?
453. What was the function of the incense-smoke as
the high priest went
into the holy of holies (Lev. 16:12f)? (Wenham, 231) What is the
relationship to incense and God’s wrath (Ps. 141:2; Num.
17:11ff
[
454. What process is used for the goat “to the
Lord” on the Day of
Atonement
(Lev. 16:15-19)? (Wenham, 232)
455. How does Lev. 16:16-20 explain the purpose of
the blood rituals on the
Day of Atonement (cf. Ps. 15; 24:3ff; Isa. 6:3ff)? (Wenham,
233)
456. What ritual is used on the goat “for Azazel”
(Lev. 16:20-22)?
Who or what is Azazel (Lev. 16:8, 10, 26)? What are three
possibilities
for what Azazel refers to? (Wenham, 234f)
457. What was the common practice of all the
participants in the Day of
Atonement after the ritual was completed (Lev. 16)?
(Wenham, 235)
458. While most of the Day of Atonement
instructions are directed to the
priest, what was the nation to do on this sacred day (Lev.
16:29ff)?
(Wenham, 235)
459. What does the phrase “afflict yourselves”
mean in reference to the
people’s
participation in the Day of Atonement (Lev. 16:31; 23:27,
32;
Num. 29:7; Isa. 58:3, 5; Ps. 35:13)? (Wenham, 236) Why was
that
important to do on this special day?
460. What does the Day of Atonement teach in
regard to humans
approaching
God (Lev. 16)? (Wenham, 236)
461. Which parts of the Day of Atonement could be
seen and not seen by
the people (Lev. 16)? (Wenham, 237) How would that impact
them?
462. How does the New Testament reflect on the Day
of Atonement
(Lev. 16; cf. Heb. 9; 10:19ff; Mat. 27:51)? (Wenham,
237) With what
day in Christianity may the Day of Atonement be compared?
463. How does Christ’s once for all sacrifice
(Heb. 10:1-18) compare to the
repetition of sacrifices and Day of Atonement in the First
Testament
(Lev. 16)? (Wenham, 238)
464. Where outside the New Testament is Christ
referred to as the
scapegoat
(ca. A.D. 200)? (Wenham, 238)
Leviticus 17 Back to Top
465. How is the introductory formula of Lev.
17:1-2 similar to the other
introductory
formulas in Leviticus (1:1; 4:1; 6:1; 7:28; 11:1; 15:1;
16:1-2;
19:1-2)? (Wenham, 240)
466. Why does Wenham view Lev. 17 as a hinge
chapter between Lev.
1-16 and 18-27? (Wenham, 241)
467. Lev. 17:3-7 states that no domesticated
animal should be slaughtered
outside the tabernacle:
If someone wanted to eat meat, what kind of
offering would they have to offer? (Wenham, 241)
468. What did the penalty phrase “to be cut off”
mean in response to a
person’s
disobedience (Lev. 17)? (Wenham, 241) Is
this meted out by
a
court in
Lev. 7:20f; Num. 15:30f)?
469. What was the motive for the harsh “cutting
off” of the one slaughtering
animals in the wilderness but not by the tabernacle (Lev.
17)?
How may the “goat-demon” idea be connected to Lev. 16 and the
Day of Atonement? (Wenham, 243)
470. What are some other reasons besides what is
given in Lev. 17:5-7 for
the offering of sacrifices only at the tabernacle? (Wenham,
243)
471. What was the role of the resident alien in
wandering (Exod. 22:20f): Lev. 19:10; Deut. 26:11; Exod.
20:10; Lev.
16:29;
20:2; 24:16, 22)? (Wenham, 244)
472. When is the earliest mention of not eating
blood (Lev. 17:10f; cf. Gen.
9:4;
Lev. 7:26f; Deut 12:16, 23; 15:23)? (Wenham, 244)
473. What are two reasons for the prohibition on
eating blood (Lev.
17:10f)?
(Wenham, 244f)
474. Did hunted animals have the same rules as
domesticated
(Lev.
17:13ff)? Which rule did still apply
(cf. Deut. 12:15f)?
(Wenham,
245)
475. How does Lev. 17 interface with the New
Testament (1 Cor. 10:20ff)?
How
did
25:1ff;
Deut. 32:17)? (Wenham, 246f)
476. How does the draining of blood make its way
into the New Testament
(cf. Acts 15:29)?
What about food offered to idols (1 Cor. 8; 10:25ff;
Rom
14:2f, 14f)? How did Jesus transform
this prohibition on eating
blood
(cf. Jn. 6:54; I Cor. 11)? (Wenham, 247)
Leviticus 18 Back to Top
477. How does Leviticus 18 resemble the
covenant-treaty format?
(Wenham,
249)
478. Wenham observes that Lev. 18 has a strong
polemical flavor. How is
that supported in Lev. 17:3, 24, 26, 27, 29, 30? (Wenham,
250)
479. In what contexts and with what impact does
the phrase “I am the
LORD
your God” come up in Leviticus (cf. Lev. 18:2, 4 etc.)? Where
and
in what contexts does it occur in Exodus and Numbers (cf. Exod.
6:6f
etc)? (Wenham, 250f who examines three contexts)
480. What is a covenant preamble and how does Lev.
18:1-2 fit that pattern
(Wenham, 250f)
481. How were the laws on incest manifest in other
cultures (Egyptian,
Canaanite, laws of Hammurabi and Hittites) and even in the
patriarchs
of Genesis (Lev. 18)?
(Wenham, 251)
482. How do Abraham and Jacob
violate the laws of Lev. 18?
(Wenham,
251f)
483. Wenham notes that homosexuality (Lev. 18:22)
is found in what
two cultures from the ancient world? (Wenham, 252)
484. Among what other cultures was bestiality
found (Lev. 18)?
How did they reference these acts? (Wenham, 252)
485. How do we know the ancient worshippers of
Molech offered up their
children in sacrifice (Lev. 18)? (Wenham, 252)
486. What is the difference between hoq (rule) and
mishpat (law) as
developed
by Wenham (Lev. 18:3)? (Wenham, 252f)
487. When the law says that a person will enjoy
life through the keeping of
the law, what is one of the best places to find a
description of that
blessed life (Lev. 18:5; cf. Lev. 26:3ff; Deut 28:1ff)?
(Wenham, 253)
488. In the laws on forbidden unions was there a
preference of marriage
within a tribe (Lev. 18; Num. 36; Judg. 21) and among
cousins (Gen.
24)? (Wenham, 253)
489. In the laws of forbidden unions, what union
is not proscribed and why?
How was the father-daughter relationship viewed in the code
of
Hammurabi (LH 154) and the Hittite laws (HL 195)? (Wenham,
254)
490. What kinds of family unions were expressly
forbidden (Lev. 18)?
(Wenham, 254) How
does the levirate marriage relate to these laws
of elicit union?
491. What reasons are cited for why one should not
marry a close relation
(Lev. 18)? (Wenham,
254f)
492. Vertical relationships (parent-child) are
understood in modern blood
and genetic analysis but why from opposite sex parent to
relations
on a horizontal level (wife’s sister) (Lev. 18)? What does Wenham
suggest as an explanation (cf. Gen. 2:24)? (Wenham, 255)
493. How are step-sisters viewed in the laws of
prohibited unions (Lev. 18)?
Is there any difference between a half-sister and a
step-sister?
(Wenham,
256)
494. What is an exception to
not marrying your brother’s wife (cf. Lev. 18;
Deut. 25:5ff)? (Wenham, 257) What is the custom of the Levirate
and where is it found in scripture?
495. Who violated the law in Lev. 18:18 about
marrying a woman and her
sister (Genesis)? (Wenham, 257f)
496. What is sororate marriage and how does it
relate to levirate
marriage (Lev. 18)?
(Wenham, 258)
497. Wenham states that intercourse of a married
man with an unattached
woman was not viewed as adultery in the Old Testament (Lev.
18),
is that right (cf. Ex. 20:14; Lev. 20:10; Deut. 22:22)?
(Wenham, 258)
Wenham says that the New Testament is stricter (Mat. 19:3-12),
is
that correct? (Wenham, 260)
What does that suggest about gender
equality that Jesus introduced?
498. What is Molech worship and what does
Scripture have to say about
it (Lev. 20:2-5; 1 Kgs. 11:7; 2 Kgs. 23:10; Jer. 32:35;
Deut. 12:31;
18:10)? (Wenham,
258)
499. What archaeological evidence in
biblical description of Molech worship (Lev. 18)? (Wenham,
259)
500. What types of objects can be “profaned” (Lev.
19:12; 20:3; 21:12, 23;
22:15; Isa. 56:2, 6; Lev. 19:12; 21:6; Jer. 34:16; Ezek.
36:20f)
(Wenham, 259)
501. How is the term abomination (to’ebah) used in
Leviticus (cf. Lev. 18:
22, 26f, 29f; etc.)? In what three other books does it
appear with
frequency and what are the nuances there? (Wenham, 259)
502. Wenham states homosexuality is condemned
throughout Scripture.
Is that true or was it only something in the holiness code
of Leviticus
(cf. Gen. 19; Lev. 20:13; Judg. 19:22ff; Rom. 1:27; 1 Cor.
6:9)?
(Wenham, 259)
503. How does Scripture look at bestiality (Exod.
22:18f; Lev. 20:15f;
Deut. 27:21; Lev. 18:23)? (Wenham, 260)
504. How does the land play a factor in motivating
these warnings and
exhortations in Lev. 18? (Wenham, 260)
505. Can one dismiss the laws of Lev. 18 as
ceremonial while arguing for
the retention of other laws arguing they are moral? Is such a
distinction biblical?
(Wenham, 261)
Leviticus 19 Back to Top
506. What marks the end of the paragraphs in Lev.
19? (Wenham, 263)
507. How is the Decalog or ten commandments
developed in Lev. 19?
(Wenham, 264)
508. How is the motto of Leviticus echoed in Lev.
19? (Wenham, 264)
How is holiness developed in Lev. 19 (cf. order/confusion)?
How
does Lev. 19 manifest that holiness is not a flight from
this world
but an engagement of it? (Wenham, 265)
509. How does Lev. 19 develop the idea of honoring
one’s parents
(Lev. 19)? The word used for “honor” is the same word that
is translated elsewhere _______ (Prov. 1:7)? How does our
culture attach the honoring of parents?
510. The word “idol” used only in Lev. 19:4; 26:1
is found frequently
in what other book and in what contexts (Isa. 2:8, 18, 20;
10:10f)?
(Wenham, 266)
511. What is the propose and instructions for the
gleaning by the poor
as instructed in the law (Lev. 23:22; Deut. 24:19ff)?
(Wenham, 266)
512. Is Wenham right when he notes the piling up
of “brother”, “fellow
citizen” and “people” terms in Lev. 19:18 as indicating the
climax of
this chapter?
(Wenham, 267)
513. How does Leviticus 19 put its approval on
honesty? (Wenham, 267)
514. How are the weak protected by the laws of
Lev. 19 (Cf Deut. 24:15)?
(Wenham, 267)
515. How is justice in court portrayed both here
in Lev. 19 and elsewhere
(Deut. 16:19f; 19:15ff; 27:25; Exod. 23:1ff; Prov. 16:13)?
(Wenham, 268)
516. Loving one’s neighbor is set in what context
in Lev. 19?
(Wenham, 268)
517. How is reproof and correction to be handled
(Lev. 19:17f; CF. Mat
18:15ff)? (Wenham,
268)
518. How do you view the passages on mixed
breeding (Lev. 19:19ff)?
How did that fit into the Israelite concept of holiness?
(Wenham, 269)
519. What do you think of the law in regard to a
betrothed slave girl
(Lev. 19:20ff)? (Wenham, 270)
520. Who received the damage money of a violated
betrothed slave girl
(Lev. 19:20ff)?
(Wenham, 270f)
521. What does the principle of God receiving the
firstfruits teach
(Lev. 19:23-25)? Where is this
concept developed in Scripture
(Exod. 23:19; Lev. 23:10; Deut. 26:1ff; Exod. 34:19f; Deut.
15:19;
Exod. 13:2; Num. 8:16ff) and to what domains, beyond crops,
does it
apply? (Wenham, 271)
522. How do you coordinate the law against
divination and soothsaying
with Joseph’s practice with his cup in Gen. 44:5, 15 (cf.
Lev. 19:26;
Isa. 2:6f; Ezek. 21:21ff)? (Wenham, 272)
523. What does Leviticus (19:27f) say about bodily
disfigurement (cf. Deut.
14:1; Isa. 22:12)? (Wenham, 272)
524. What is sacred prostitution in the context of
the ancient Near East
(Lev. 19:29f)? Why
was it condemned in
525. What is necromancy and why does the Bible
condemn it (Lev. 19:31;
cf. 1 Sam 28:3ff; Deut. 18:11)? (Wenham, 272f)
526. What does Leviticus teach about respect for
the elderly (Lev. 19:32)?
(Wenham, 273)
527. How and where does the command to “love one’s
neighbor” make
its way into the New Testament (Mat. 5:43; 19:19; 22:39;
Mk. 12:31,
33; Lk. 10:27;
528. How does Lev. 19:18 network out to connect
the verses surrounding
it in Lev. 19? (Wenham, 274)
529. Wenham seems to dismiss laws that are based
on the principle of
Do you agree or disagree and why (Lev. 19)? (Wenham, 274)
530. Wenham says the slavery laws are pretty
irrelevant to us today?
Do you agree or disagree and why (Lev. 19)? (Wenham, 274)
Leviticus 20 Back to Top
531. What phrase serves to break up the structure
of Lev. 20?
(Wenham, 276)
532. How have many of the topics in Lev. 20
already been dealt with
in Leviticus (cf. 20:2-5//18:21; 20:6, 27//19:31;
20:8//19:3; 20:10-
21//18:6-20, 22f)?
With so much over lap, what role does Lev. 20
play in the narrative? (Wenham, 277)
533. How are the exhortations to holiness similar
and different in Lev.
20:7f; 22f) similar and different to the ones found
elsewhere in
Leviticus (11:44f; 18:2-5; 24-30; 19:36f)? (Wenham, 277)
534. What is the difference between the apodictic
form in Lev. 18-19
and the casuistic form in Lev. 20? Which one indicates the
consequences for violating a command? (Wenham, 277)
535. While Molech worship was condemned before
(Lev. 18:21), what
is added in Lev. 20:2ff? (Wenham, 277)
536. Who was able to be killed by stoning (Exod.
21:28ff; Lev. 20:27;
24:16; Num. 15:35f; Deut. 13:10f; 17:5; 21:21)? Wenham
suggests
that such a death penalty shows the community’s rejection
of these
sins. Does that make
sense? (Wenham, 277)
537. Who are the “people of the land” (Lev. 20:3)?
(Wenham, 278)
538. What does Lev. 20:4 say about loyalty to God
over family and friends?
(Wenham, 278)
539. What is the relation of Lev. 20:9ff and Exod.
20 in regard to honoring
one’s parents?
(Wenham, 278) How does this compare with other
scriptures on this topic (Exod. 21:17; Prov. 20:20; Mat. 15:4;
Mk.
7:10; Deut. 21:18f)? (Wenham, 279)
540. Wenham understands Lev. 20:14, 17, 21 “takes”
as referring to
“cohabits” rather that married folks. Is this warranted? (Wenham,
280)
541. How is the word “Hesed” used in Lev.
20:17? What does the word
normally mean and why is it used here? (Wenham, 280)
542. How does one “uncover the nakedness” of ones
brother by having
relations with his wife (cf. 18:6-18)? (Wenham, 280)
543. Do you agree or disagree with Wenham’s
statement that adultery,
incest and homosexuality are “just as sinful under the New
Covenant
and they were under the old”? Why? (Wenham, 280f)
544. How do you reconcile Christ’s not condemning
to death the woman
taken in adultery (Jn. 8:1ff) in light of the Old Testament
law
(Lev. 20)? (Wenham
281)
545. When comparing OT law to Ancient Near Eastern
law codes,
what three areas does the biblical law code rank as most
significant? How did
the Babylonian laws show economics as
valued more highly than in
546. How does “substitutionary” punishment seen in
Babylonian laws and
proscribed against in Israelite law (cf. Lev. 24:16; Ex.
20:5)?
(Wenham, 282)
547. What reasons are given for biblical
punishments (Deut. 19:19f)?
(Wenham, 283)
548. What five principles does Wenham develop on
the purpose of
punishment in
(Wenham, 283f)
549. Is deterrence a legitimate motivation for
punishment (Deut. 19:19f)?
(Wenham, 283)
550. Is the degradation of the offender allowed
(Deut. 25:3)? How does
that contrast with the laws from
551. How does one explain the laws of mutilation
(Deut. 25:11f)? How
does this biblical passage compare to the Middle Assyrian
laws of
mutilation? (Wenham, 284)
552. What are torts and how did they function in
does civil and criminal law differ and how was that
distinction
regarded in
553. Did the state mete out punishment regularly
in
Who did? (Wenham, 284)
554. What were the three basic types of punishment
in
(Wenham, 284f)
555. For what type of crimes was the death penalty
prescribed (Lev. 20:11f;
20:13; 24:13ff; 20:2ff; Exod. 21:21ff; 22:17; Deut. 22:22;
13:2ff;
17:12;
24:7; ch. 19)? (Wenham, 284f)
556. For what crime was compensation strictly
forbidden (Lev. 20; Num.
15:32ff)?
(Wenham, 285)
557. For what types of crimes was “cutting off”
the penalty (Lev. 7:20f, 25,
27;
17:4, 9, 14; 18:29; 19:8; 20:3, 5f, 17f; Num. 15:30f)? (Wenham,
285) Was it excommunication or the threat of
divine punishment?
558. For what crimes was restitution prescribed
(Lev. 5:24; Ex. 22)?
(Wenham, 286)
559. Were criminals ever incarcerated in
(Wenham, 286)
560. How did law enforcement in a village culture
differ from our modern
urban law enforcement? (Wenham, 287)
561. The Levites were to teach the Israelites the
law (2 Chr. 17:8f).
Wenham
likens that function to our modern media.
How does this
analogy
work and where does it break down? (Wenham, 287)
562. Whose job was it to promote “justice for the
oppressed” in
72:4;
2 Sam. 15)? (Wenham, 288)
Leviticus 21 Back to Top
563. Into what six sections does the formula “I am
the Lord your
(their) sanctifier” break chs. 21-22 (21:8; 15, 23; 22:9,
16, 32)?
(Wenham, 289)
564. What rituals were priests not allowed to
participate in (Lev. 21)?
For whom was a priest able to defile himself upon death?
(Wenham,
290)
565. Why were priests not to shave their heads
(Lev. 21)?
(Wenham, 291)
566. Why was a priest allowed to marry only a
widow not a divorcee
(Lev. 21)? (Wenham, 291)
How were these laws tightened up
for the high priest?
567. How were burial rites tightened up for the
high priest (Lev. 21:10ff)?
(Wenham, 291) What
did that manifest about his priorities in regard
to family and the sanctuary?
Leviticus 22 Back to Top
568. What were nonfunctioning priests with a
physical deformity still able
to participate
in as priests (Lev. 22)? (Wenham, 294)
569. How
long was a daughter of a priest allowed to eat the priestly food
(Lev. 22)? (Wenham, 295)
570. How do the blemishes in unfit sacrificial
animals parallel the notion
of blemished priests (Lev. 21f)? What kind of animals were
made
unfit
for sacrifice? How does that fit Wenham’s concept of
“wholeness”
and its relationship to “holiness” (Wenham, 295)
571. How do the perfections required of the
priests make their way into
the New Testament in reference to Christ (Heb. 7:26; Heb.
9:14;
1
Pet. 1:19; 2:22)? (Wenham, 296)
572. How does Christ extend grace to maimed, lame,
blind and eunuchs
(Lk. 14:13, 21; John 5:3; Isa. 56:4ff)? (Wenham, 297)
573. How are the stricter requirements for the
priests reflected in the
standards for elders (1 Tim. 3:4, 11; Tit. 1:5ff)? (Wenham,
297)
574. How may the priests commitment to God over
family be seen
in the New Testament with Christ’s comments “leave the dead
to bury their own dead” (Mat. 8:21f; Lk. 9:59f)? (Wenham,
297)
Leviticus 23 Back to Top
575. Into what two sections does the formula “I am
the Lord (your God)”
break
Lev. 23 (23:22, 43)? (Wenham, 300)
576. What other phrases are repeated in Lev. 23
(vv. 2, 4, 38, 44; also 2, 4,
7,
8, 21, 24, 27, 35, 37)? (Wenham, 300)
577. How does the description of the feasts in
Lev. 23 differ from the
description in Num. 28-29? Is Wenham right to conclude that
Lev. 23
is
for lay people rather than priests? (Wenham, 300)
578. What does the phrase “holy convention” (Lev.
23:2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 21, 24,
27,
35, 36f) mean? (Wenham, 301)
579. What two things are referred back to in
reference to the Sabbath
observance (Lev. 23:2f)? (Wenham, 301)
580. What is the connection of the Sabbath with
the feasts cycles (Lev. 23)?
(Wenham, 301)
581. How does the description of the Passover and
Unleavened bread feast
described in Lev. 23:5ff fit with the elaboration of the
feast in
Exod. 12-13? (Wenham, 302)
582. Of what three feasts was the word “hag”
(pilgrimage) used (cf. Arabic
haj of pilgrimage to
583. The first and last days of the feasts no work
was to be done connecting
it with what commandment (Lev. 23:6ff)? (Wenham, 303)
584. While Lev. 23:8, 13, 18, 25, 27, 36
talks simply of food offerings, how
is Num. 28-29 more specific? (Wenham, 303)
585. How does Lev. 23:10ff develop the connection
of first fruits to
Passover
over Exod. 12-13 (cf. Ex. 23:15; 34:18ff)?
586. What does “on the day after the Sabbath”
(Lev. 23:11, 15f) mean? Is it
the
first Sabbath after the feast began or is it the first day of the feast
on
whatever day it falls? (Wenham, 304)
587. What is the feast of weeks called in the New
Testament (Lev. 23:15f;
Acts 2:1)? What was its primary function? (Wenham,
304)
588. Wenham sees a link between the
feasts/sacrifices providing for the
material needs of the priests being linked to care for the
poor and
sojourner. Is such a
connection warranted (cf. Deut. 14:27ff; 16:11;
Lev. 19:5-10; 23:17-21)?
(Wenham, 305)
589. Wenham groups the feasts of Lev. 23:23-43 as
what types of feasts in
contrast to the feasts of Lev. 23:3-22? (Wenham, 305)
590. In what month were the fall feasts (Lev.
23:23ff)? How many
extra Sabbaths were ordained for that month? (Wenham, 305)
591. What did the feasts of booths re-dramatize on
an annual basis (Lev.
23:3ff)? (Wenham, 305)
592. What three Jewish feasts were taken over by
the early church
(Lev.
23; cf. Jn. 19:14, 36; 1 Cor. 5:7f; 15:23; Mat. 26:17)?
(Wenham,
306)
Leviticus 24 Back to Top
593. What literary structural markers are missing
in Lev. 24?
How
is it connected to what precedes and follows it? (Wenham, 308)
594. How does the story of the blasphemer (Lev.
24:10ff) show Leviticus
is a narrative work with laws embedded in that narrative
structure?
(Wenham, 309)
595. How would you compare/contrast Lev. 24:2-3 to
Exod. 27:20f?
(Wenham, 309)
596. What did the two stacks of six loaves on the
table represent
(Lev.
24:6)? (Wenham, 310)
597. What was burned instead of the bread as a
memorial portion
(Lev.
24:7f)? (Wenham, 310)
598. How did Ahimelech of Nob vary from the
command concerning
the holy bread (1 Sam. 21:4ff)? What did he require of David’s
men? (Wenham, 310)
599. What does it mean when Wenham says that the
case of the blasphemer
may be an example of how many of the “case laws” in the
Pentateuch
originally (Lev. 24:10ff)? (Wenham, 310)
600. How did the law against blaspheming or
cursing God manifest itself
in later biblical times (cf. 1 Kgs. 21:10, 13; Mat. 26:65f;
Acts 6:11f)?
(Wenham, 311)
601. On whom did blaspheme bring guilt beyond the
one uttering it (Lev.
24:10ff)? How did
those people rid themselves of its guilt?
(Wenham, 301)
602. Is Wenham right when he says that the OT law
sees violation of
family and religion as much more serious while the laws of
Hammurabi
had harsher punishments for property offenses
(Lev.
24:10ff)? (Wenham, 311)
603. What laws in
17:15;
18:26; Num. 9:14; Exod. 12:19)? (Wenham,
311)
604. Wenham calls Lev. 24:16-22 a
palistrophe. How do the elements of
that section line up into an ABCDDCBA format? (Wenham, 312)
605. What other passages present the lex talionis
(eye for eye) principle
(Lev. 24:20; Ex. 21:23ff; Deut. 19:21)? (Wenham, 312)
606. Is Wenham’s observation that “eye for eye”
was more a formula and
not
really practiced in
does
he cite in order to validate his position (Ex. 21:26; Lev. 24:18;
Num.
35:16ff)? (Wenham, 312) How did Jesus
interact with the lex
talionis
law (Mat. 5:27ff)?
607. How is the bread of the presence referred to
in the New Testament
(Heb. 9:2; Mat. 12:1ff/Lk. 6:1ff)? (Wenham, 312)
Leviticus 25 Back to Top
608. How does the formula “I am the Lord your God”
function in
Lev. 25 (vv. 17, 38, 55)?
Where else have we seen such a usage?
(Wenham, 316)
609. What was the main
function of the law of Jubiliee (Lev. 25)?
(Wenham, 317) How
does it compare with modern laws of
bankruptcy?
610. How do the prophets refer to the avarice and
greed of those of their
day and how does the law of Jubilee fit with their
critiques (Lev. 25;
Isa.
5:8; Am. 2:6)? (Wenham, 317)
611. Was the year of Jubilee ever practiced (Lev.
25; cf. 2 Chr. 36:21)?
(Wenham,
318)
612. What argument does Wenham use to refute the
idea that the post-
exilic community invented the Jubilee (Lev. 25)? (Wenham,
318)
613. How did the Sabbath and the sabbatical year fit
together (Lev. 25)?
(Wenham, 318)
614. What did the term “yobel” translated Jubilee
originally mean
(Lev.
25; cf. LXX translation)? (Wenham, 319)
615. How does Wenham hand Noth’s objections that
the year of jubilee
would
require the impossibility of two fallow years (esp. Lev. 25:8)?
(Wenham,
319) Is the connection with a “leap”
year like concept
a
good one?
616. On what does the harvest in
(Wenham, 320)
617. Why was the land not to be sold permanently
(Lev. 25:23f)? What
theological implications did that have? (Wenham, 320)
618. How did families work together to keep land
in a particular family line
(Lev. 25:25; cf. Rtuh 4; Jer. 32:7ff)? (Wenham, 320)
619. What houses were not subject to the law of
the jubilee (Lev. 25:29ff)?
How did the levitical cities provide an exception? (Wenham,
321)
620. How were interest on loans done in the
ancient Near East? How does
621. How do the slavery laws in
(Lev. 25:39ff)? How
was the slavery in
in the colonial
apply?
(Wenham, 322)
622. What does one learn in the areas of social
justice, social worship,
personal virtues and messianic typology in relation to the
jubilee
(Lev. 25l cf. Luke 4:18f; Isa. 61:1)? (Wenham, 323f)
Leviticus 26 Back to Top
623. What function did blessings have in legal
documents in the ancient
codes
(cf. Ur-Nammu, Lipit-Ishtar and Hammurabi)? (Wenham, 327)
624. How are the biblical curses paralleled in the
ancient Near Eastern
law codes (Lev. 26:14ff)?
What differences should be noted?
(Wenham,
327)
625. How does the formula “I am the Lord (your
God)” structure Lev. 26
(Lev. 26: 1, 2, 13, 44f)?
What role does the conditional “If you will
not
listen to me” (Lev. 26:16, 18, 21, 23, 27) play? (Wenham, 327)
626. How are the blessings organized (Lev. 26:4,
6, 11)? (Wenham, 328)
627. How is the subject matter similar between the
blessings and the
curses (Lev. 26)?
(Wenham, 328)
628. When did the harvests in
rain/dew work with this harvest cycle (Lev. 26)? (Wenham, 329)
629. What three general gifts are promised in the
blessings (Lev. 26:4-5,
6-10, and 11-13)?
630. Why is the curse section so much more
developed than the blessings
section (Lev. 26)? (Wenham, 330)
631. Why/when would the curses come to fruition
(Lev. 26)?
(Wenham,
330)
632. How does Wenham demonstrate the pedagogical,
discipline or
redemptive
function of the curses (cf. Deut. 8:5; Jer. 30:11; 31:18;
Heb.
12:5ff; Amos 4:6, 8, 9ff)? (Wenham, 331)
Are these their only
functions?
633. What is the significance of the repetition of
the number seven in
curse type contexts (Lev. 26:18, 21, 24, 28; Rev.
5-16)?
(Wenham,
331)
634. Who faced the wild animals as a curse later
on (2 Kgs. 17:25f)?
(Wenham, 332)
634. When did God use war as a curse on
(Wenham, 332)
635. When did the prophets see the curses
fulfilled (Ezk. 34-37)?
(Wenham, 333)
636. Do the curses of Lev. 26 have counterparts in
Christ’s teaching
(Mk. 13/ Lk. 19-21; 2 Cor. 5:10)? (Wenham, 333)
With what does
the church connect the curses (1 Cor. 3:10ff)? How did they fit
with the persecutions suffered by the early church?
Leviticus 27 Back to Top
637. How do people explain why Lev. 27 on vows
comes after the
blessings/curses? (Wenham, 336) Does Wenham solve this
adequately
by suggesting Lev. 26 is God’s vows and Lev. 27 about vows
of
people?
638. When have people throughout history made vows
to God (i.e. in
what circumstances; Lev. 27)? (Wenham, 337)
What are some
biblical examples of people who have made vows and in what
circumstances did they occur (Jonah 2:9f; Gen. 28:20ff)?
638. How does Eccl. 5:3ff complement this section
on vows (Lev. 27)?
(Wenham, 337)
639. What does Lev. 27:9f guard against? (Wenham,
338) What kinds
of things separate the time of the making of the vow and
the time
of the fulfilling or keeping of the vow?
640. What marks that a new section begins in Lev.
27:14? (Wenham, 339)
641. How was the dedication of land complicated
(Lev. 27:16ff)?
(Wenham, 339)
642. How were firstborn animals regarded in
13:2;
34:19f)? (Wenham, 341)
643. What passage does Wenham use to show tithes
may have been a vow
(Lev. 27; cf. Gen. 28:20f)?
(Wenham, 341)
644. Are vows practiced in the New Testament (cf.
Acts 18:18; 21:23; Mat.
23:23;
Mat. 5:33ff)? (Wenham, 342)
645. What was the one case when vows could be
retracted (Lev. 27)?
(Wenham, 342)
646. How does Lev. 27 recapitulate the major
themes of the book
of Leviticus? (Wenham, 342f)
647. What is the major theme of the book of
Leviticus? Is the message
still relevant in a post-modern world?